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Derive the following expression for the critical pressure ratio (rc) in a steam nozzle where steam enters with initial velocity and the flow is accompanied with friction:

      

 

   Where :

C1 = Initial steam velocity

r1 = Initial steam pressure

h = small stage expansion efficiency = hn

n1 = actual exponent of expansion

v1 = initial steam specific volume

(ii) Show the effect of variation of back pressure on distribution of pressure and velocity all along in a convergent-divergent nozzle.        

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