For engineering materials, differentiate between the following:

Question

(a) For engineering materials, differentiate between the following:                                    10

1. A system and state
2. Extrinsic and intrinsic properties
3. Degree of freedom and constraint
4. Phase and component

(b)   Differentiate between the following:                                                                     20

1. Homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation
2. Nucleation and growth
3. Embryos and nuclei
4. Supercooling and sublimation

(c)   Explain the following                                                                                           10

1. Cyaniding
2. Nitriding
3. Flame hardening
4. Induction hardening

(d)   Differentiate between:                                                                                          20

1. Directional and non-directional bond
2. Bond length and bond energy
3. Lonic bond and covalent bond
4. Metallic bond and hydrogen bond